Target Case Ananlysis

Target Corporation| Patrick Caine March 18, 2013| BUS428A Seminar in Financial Management| ————————————————- RECOMMENDATION After careful review and analysis of the five projects I would rank the projects in the following order of attractiveness: 1) The Barn 2) Whalen Court 3) Gopher Place 4) Stadium Remodel 5) Goldie’s Square. I came to this conclusion by taking into account the projects NPV and IRR given the size of the investment, opportunity market/growth, and with the overall goal of adding 100 new stores a year while maintaining.The Barn was my first choice because it had the highest IRR and second highest NPV given a not so large investment. Whalen Court has the highest NPV and offers favorable market share opportunities and demographics. These first two are considered good options to continue Targets growth. Gopher Place has attractive IRR and NPV comparable to the prototype, while giving Target market share. Also the population growth and median income demographics are favorable.The next opportunity is in the mediocre category, Stadium remodel, with the 3rd highest IRR and 4th NPV, but has higher risks as the store is deteriorating and has sales declines, which could hurt brand image. Also the stores have been remodeled twice already. This investment might be a good idea to keep the store afloat or it might have to be closed. Finally Goldie’s Square has the lowest NPV and IRR of the projects, declining market share, and the impact of the project won’t be seen till the third year. ————————————————- BACKGROUNDIt is November 2006, and CFO Doug Scovanner has to review five projects along with other members of the Capital Expenditure Committee, after five projects have already been accepted. Targets management has an overarching goal to create 100 new stores a year while maintaining their strong brand image and reputation. The investment decisions should be ranked according to their value to Target, 1-5. The analysis should include review of P/L, NPV, IRR, demographics, market share, sensitivity and variance to the prototype. ————————————————- ANALYSE Industry Analysis T. M. | Pricing Strategy| Buying Experience| Costs of Shopping| Target| Educated / savvy shopper| Expect more pay less| Just the right shopping| Slightly more| Wal-mart| Bargain hunter| Everyday low price| Barebones| Low-pricing| Costco| Bulk buyer| Discounts on bulk buying| Warehouse| Membership fee + low prices| As the case states, the intense competition in the retail market and has led to prices being driven down to almost cost, resulting in very small margins. This causes the companies to focus on every part of the ir business, including how they want to brand themselves to consumers.This chart above gives a brief look at that picture. Sales growth stem from creation of new stores and organic growth through existing stores. Though new stores are expensive to build, they are needed to access new markets and represent profit potential. Walmart Operates store formats similar to Target, and most Target stores operate in areas where one of more Walmart store is located. Also, the merchandising assortment overlaps on many of the same items, such as food, commodities, electronics, toys and sporting goods.The success of Walmart is attributed to the â€Å"every day low price† pricing strategy, which also drove local independent retailers out of business. Costco Costco attracts a customer base that overlaps with Target’s core customer. However, there is less overlap with respect to trade area and merchandising between Costco and Target than Walmart and Target. Costco also requires a member ship to shop in the store, where Target and Walmart do not. Costco provides discount pricing for its members who all buy in bulk for membership fees in return. In 2005 the fees equaled 2% of total revenue and 72. % of operating income. This shows how important those fees can be in a high competition and low margin market. Target Target emphasizes the customer experience and has the slogan â€Å"Expect more. Pay less. † They have been promoting their brand awareness through large advertising campaigns. The advertising expenses in 2005 were 2% of sales of 26. 6% of operating profits. Brand and store/product quality play a larger role for Target than Walmart. Target also offers a credit card, which accounted for 14. 8% of targets operating earnings and is important in the evaluation of each project. ———————————————— PROJECT ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY The Barn The project has the highest IRR, 16. 4% and the second highest NPV of $20,500. The NPV on this project is not highly sensitive. The location offers the incentive of have no nearby stores, creating a new market for Target. Additionally it requires the smallest investment amount out of the five projects. However, the market doesn’t have the ideal target demographics with only 17% of adults have earned a college degree, slow general population growth and lower income individuals Whalen CourtThe project gives target the opportunity to move into an urban center, where it will not have to compete directly with other Target stores, coinciding with managements goals . The project has the highest NPV at $25,900. The project has the second lowest IRR, of 9. 8% and needs 1. 9% more sales in order to reach the total store prototype. On the other hand this project requires the largest investment of $119M (which would need board approval). This cost would be offset by the brand image to an urban area wit h a lot of people. Finally the building would be leased instead of owned, which might have long tern consequences.Gopher Place The project has the second highest IRR of 12. 3% relative to all of the capital project requests. The NPV of the project is above the prototype and represents an investment of $23M. The demographics in this area are attractive with 27% population growth and a median household income of $56,000. Transfer sales or cannibalization is estimated at 19% of sales from the proposed area, as there are other Target stores in the areas. There are also two new Walmart Super Stores in the area, which could pose as threat to competition and prices.Additionally the effects of the project wouldn’t be felt until the third year, where incremental sales would increase significantly. Stadium Remodel The store has been in place since 1972 and has a very affluent market, where the median income is $65,921. About 42% of the market have taken 4+ years of college, which is th e second highest of the projects. The $17m investment would lift the lagging sales about 17% and potentially increase the brand image. On the other hand, the store has been remodel twice since 1972. The NPV is also very sensitive to sales decline, as can be seen in the sensitivity analysis graph.Goldie’s Square The area is considered a key strategic location for many retailers. Population growth is moderate at 16% with a median income of $56,000 and a quarter of the people holding a college degree. The project also has a low NPV sensitivity. However, a 45. 1% increase in forecasted sales is required to meet the prototype. The project also has the lowest NPV and IRR of all the projects being considered. Additionally, there are 12 existing Target stores operating in the market, which could potentially lead to high cannibalization.Transfer sales or cannibalization is estimated at 19% of sales from the proposed area. As a result of this competition, low sales forecasts are projec ted. ————————————————- SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Gopher Place with initial investment $23m | IRR| NPV| Total| 12. 3%| $16,755| 10% Sales Decline| 10. 5%| $12,033| 10% Sales Increase| 13. 5%| $21,376| Whalen Court with initial investment $119. 3m | IRR| NPV| Total| 9. 8%| $25,875| 10% Sales Decline| 8. 8%| $9,264| 10% Sales Increase| 10. 8%| $42,522| The Barn with initial investment $13m IRR| NPV| Total| 16. 4%| $20,527| 10% Sales Decline| 14. 5%| $16,461| 10% Sales Increase| 18. 3%| $24,623| Goldie’s Square with initial investment $23. 9m | IRR| NPV| Total| 8. 1%| $317| 10% Sales Decline| 7%| $-3,765| 10% Sales Increase| 9. 2%| $4,325| Stadium Remodel with initial investment $17m | IRR| NPV| Total| 10. 8%| $15,739| 10% Sales Decline| 9%| $7,854| 10% Sales Increase| 12. 3%| $9,523| Given the table above for IRR and NPV sensitivity to changes in sales, Whalen Court seems t o be the most affected with large upside potential.Other than that, the projects seem to have to same negative and positive implications given a change in sales. ————————————————- QUESTIONS 1) If all else equal, and you have to decide between two projects one with a higher IRR and the other with a higher NPV, which would you favor? 2) How have population growth, income, and college degrees impacted your analysis of the projects? 3) How would different discount rates for store and credit card CF affect your recommendations? ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Target Corp. Case 19 [ 2 ]. Target Case

Coraline a Wizard of Earthsea the Sense of Self Essay

If you see a wallet on the ground and discover there is an enormous amount of money in it, what would you do? Do you think you’d return it, or possibly keep the money for yourself? How would you feel about it emotionally afterward? For the sake of an argument let us say you would keep the money. How would you then feel if someone you hate also had the same circumstance happen to them? Would you feel like them keeping the money would further prove why you dislike that person? Did you not also keep the money yourself? In the book Psychoanalysis Terry Eagleton states that â€Å"Lacan permits us to explore the relations between the unconscious and human society†¦ the unconscious is not some kind of†¦ private region ‘inside’ us, but an effect of our relations with one another†(Eagleton 150). The unconscious is part of your â€Å"self† and can be negative or positive; the negative side that we produce is part of our ego. Ego is defined as â€Å"the complex factor to which all conscious contents are related† the ego is only one half of a whole and that whole is the â€Å"self† (Jung 139). Our ego is broken into three sections and the section most apparent in this case is the shadow. The reason why your peer keeping the money creates resentment in you is because of the shadow, it is a part of you that you keep in your unconscious, a part you don’t like and when it is revealed to you through someone else you exchange the inward hatred and replace it with outward disdain for the person that has committed the act. Self is best described as the combination of your conscious and unconscious becoming one in a balanced state. In Coraline by Neil Gaimen and A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin the shadow becomes a physical thing, an actual entity. The genre itself, fantasy, has its own identity crisis which further adds to the lack of self in the novels. This should not make these stories any less real, the premise of both stories, of battling the shadow and overcoming the lack of identity to find the self is still a very real thing as explained by J.R.R. Tolkien â€Å"fairystories deal largely†¦ with simple or fundamental things, untouched by fantasy, but these simplicities are made all the more luminous by their setting† (Tolkien 20). The self being fragmented by not knowing one’s unconscious is a recurring theme in both stories. The shadow becoming and entity in the stories further explains the concept of your conscious latching on to an outward vessel to express disdain for. The conscious and unconscious meld together to form one’s identity, the conscious mind uses one’s life experiences and natural behavior as an identifier while the unconscious mind creates the ego and the shadow, both of which create the idea of self. In order to gain an identity you much overcome and accept your shadow as part of you, then and only then will you truly discover your â€Å"self†. In Coraline a lonely and ignored little girl is an only child of two, negligent, parents. She has just moved into a new house and while exploring her new home she finds a door which sometimes, and progressively more while the story continues, leads her into an alternate world where her desire for excitement is fulfilled. While in this world the narrator states, â€Å"There were all sorts of remarkable things in there she’d never seen before†¦ this is more like it, thought Coraline† (Gaimen 30). This is Coraline’s conscious self, her excitement, her explorer, the one that doesn’t mind a new world, a girl who accept the oddities just so that she can discover all of them herself. This world was created by the other mother, a witch, who at this point has not revealed herself to Coraline as a soul consuming entity. Her brand new home put up an image of perfection that clouded her judgment. These illusions created by the other mother make it harder for Coraline to discover herself because she is only seeing what the other mother is allowing her to see through the filter of Coraline’s conscious. Jung states that â€Å"The more projections are thrust in between the subject and the environment [the other world in Coraline’s case], the harder it is for the ego to see through its illusions† (Jung 147). Because of this, Coraline’s newly found freedom into the other world is nothing more than an attempt by the other mother to keep her in the dark while thinking she is in control. This false sense of security doesn’t allow for Coraline to discover her own self. The main plot point of the story is the more Coraline realizes she’s being held back and the more she feels her sense of self coming to fruition the more the illusions put in front of her begin to dwindle until the world is revealed to her for what it really is. Although it is the other mother’s world and she created it, it is the fact that Coraline hasn’t come to terms with her shadow or better yet hasn’t been forced to face it that allows her to succumb to the illusion, â€Å"it is an unconscious factor [the shadow] which spins the illusions that veil [the] world† (Jung 147). As Jung states here, the shadow, and this other world that has been created is her unconscious being warped through the eyes of the other mother, and her warped vision is the veil that the world hides beneath. Coraline’s conscious mind is her adventurous side â€Å"her first two weeks in the house [were spent] exploring the garden and the grounds† this is the basis of the other world, a place full of wonder and excitement, a place full of adventure (Gaimen 6). The shadow that Coraline must face is her fear. Coraline’s conversation with her guardian, the cat, is about her confusion of bravery and being naive. Coraline thinks that she is very brave without knowing what bravery actually is. She tells the story of her father who gets stung by a nest of hornet’s and in the process discovers true bravery, which she embodies as her father going back for his glasses, â€Å"it wasn’t brave because he wasn’t scared†¦ going back again to get his glasses, then he knew the wasp were there, when he was really scared. That was brave†¦ when you’re scared and you still do it anyway, that’s brave† (Gaimen 58-59). Once she goes through this point the world shifts for her, she sees everything for its eerie similarities of the real world but with a malicious twist. The final proof of the discovery of self in Coraline is the fact that once everything is said and done she goes back to her life exactly the way it was. Her parents still pay no mind to her and her life is just as dull now as it was when the story started but her perspective changed. She is no longer oppressed by her status because she defeats the other mother and overcomes her shadow, becoming whole. She is complete, by learning, understanding, and overcoming her unconscious she finds her â€Å"self†. The beginning of her journey is much the same as Ged in A Wizard of Earthsea, looking for her self and being too naive to find it. Ged is a boy who discovers his divine talent for witchcraft at an early age. From the moment that he saves his village from being decimated by savages he was told that he would be a great and powerful wizard by one of the great wizards, Ogion, â€Å"I send you one who will be greatest of the wizards of Gont† (Le Guin 48). This creates Ged’s conscious self, which is a hero complex, thinking that he can do whatever he wishes without consequence. Ged although very powerful is very arrogant and prideful, in an attempt to impress a women he learns to summon a dark spirit from the dead that almost kills him. He once again out of anger and pride summons the spirit of the dead in a competition of strength with a boy, jasper, one year his senior. The shadow is shown to him in many forms, these forms are of his character flaws, â€Å"Like a clot of black shadow, quick and hideous†¦ it was like a black beast, the size of a young child† the young child reflecting back on him when he first revealed himself to the darkness, while the beast is Ged’s vengeful personality taking shape (Le Guin 85). The shadow was born out of Ged’s arrogance, pride and narcissism. He constantly becomes angry at himself for not being stronger and as he succumbs to his anger the shadow becomes stronger, â€Å"it rankled at his heart he should die, spitted on a Kargish lance, while still a boy†¦ raged at his weakness, for he knew his strength† (Le Guin 11). His fear and his constant flaws give the shadow its strength putting those he knows in danger and further hiding his self from him. As Ged tries to run away for the last time the shadow manages to kill Ged’s pet. This is the last straw for Ged and he, as Coraline did, discovers his unconscious, his identity and seeks out to defeat the shadow. He begins to chase the shadow and becomes stronger from it, facing his inner demons and overcoming his fear. Ged learns of the connection he has with the shadow in order to defeat it, â€Å"it wills to work evil through you. The power you had to call it gives it power over you: you are connected. It is the shadow of your arrogance, the shadow of your ignorance, the shadow you cast. Has a shadow a name† (Le Guin)? By being told this and through all the trials Ged faces he becomes humble and learns his way through the barriers he has put up on his darkness. Through the hunt Ged finally realizes what the shadow is and even though it has his misguided qualities it has brought out the good qualities in him. Ged finally spoke the shadows name and the shadow repeated it, Ged and the shadow became one and Ged became one with his unconscious and becomes aware of his self, â€Å"I am whole, I am free† (Le Guin). Coraline and Ged went through hardships in order to become one. Coraline learned true bravery and defeated her other mother and though her life did not change she accept herself and her life for what it was. Ged through his hardship lost his arrogance, his pride, his ignorance and actually physically became one with his shadow. Through the hunt of their shadow they found themselves. They stopped running away from who they always were and just embraced and learned to become what they were trying to run away from. Coraline’s ignorance and Ged’s pride were defeated by the hunt for their unconscious. Their true enemy was themselves and the only thing that could defeat that was their new found sense of â€Å"self†.

The motional behaviour of teachers in the classroom

This essay is chiefly related with the methodological analysis portion of my thesis. Particularly, which method I will follow in order to garner my informations. In this paper, foremost of all, I will mention the rubric, the purpose and the research inquiries of my survey. These are critical elements to understand person the general subject. Then, I will compose in some words the grounds, for which I chose this issue and after that the method, which I will utilize and follow. My method is the interviews, which belongs to qualitative research. Thus, I will advert what is the qualitative research and which are its advantages in pattern. A small mention will go in the instance survey, which is straight related with the qualitative research. After this preliminary information, I will develop my basic methodological analysis, the interviews. The definition will be given and for which grounds are good, utile and helpful to utilize this technique. In the 2nd portion of this essay the basic issue is the pilot survey. How is defined this significance and which are the chief advantages of this survey. I will besides advert why I used the pilot survey and how it helped me in my chief research. In the terminal of the essay, I will mention my interview inquiries and what alterations and amendments I did after the pilot survey with the purpose to be more successfully my research. All this paper has as a end to steer and assist me with the 2nd portion of my thesis, the methodological analysis portion. The rubric of my thesis is â€Å" The motional behavior of instructors in the schoolroom and how this impacts upon students † . I think that it is a really of import and singular issue for the educational process and educational advancement. This research will be carried out in Greece and more specifically in a specific school in Athens. I think that in my state, the emotional behavior of instructors and the psychological science of kids during the lesson is a subject, which provokes a large involvement to the instructors, the pupils, the parents and to the society in general. This has a direct relation with the students and strongly affects the public presentation and the advancement of kids in the school. I as a high school teacher am interested in the emotional behavior of instructors towards pupils. Maybe it is non a really popular subject but I consider that there are many interesting facets, which would be good to be investigated. This may assist the instructors to be im proved and the kids to hold a better public presentation and advancement in the educational procedure. Therefore, this is a basic factor, for which I chose this rubric in footings of class with the deficiency of research in Greece in conformity with the above issue. The purpose of my research is to derive an apprehension of behavior in the schoolroom in Greece. Through this survey I have purpose to reply some research inquiries, which are related with my issue. The first is: How of import do instructors comprehend emotion to be within learning and larning? And the 2nd is: What types of affectional behavior aid or impede instruction and acquisition? In order to garner all the necessary and utile information for my survey, I decided to utilize the method of interview. I will take interviews from six high school instructors from one school of Athens. The instructors will be from different countries for illustration: philologues, mathematicians, physicists and chemists in order to hold a better and a more dependable consequence. The first measure for the interviews was the consent of the schoolmaster of school and after that the consent of teachers- participants. Of class, I have every bit purpose to keep all the ethical issues such as the confidentiality, the namelessness and the right to retreat. The above steps are necessary for a right interview. Nowadays, one can transport out a research, utilizing different techniques, which are divided into two classs: the quantitative and the qualitative methodological analysis. In my thesis as I have above mentioned I will utilize interviews, which belong to qualitative research method with the method of observation and the focal point group. ‘Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general, scientific research consists of an probe that: seeks replies to a inquiry, consistently uses a predefined set of processs to reply the inquiry, collects grounds, produces findings that were non determined in progress and produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the survey ‘ ( Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector ‘s Field Guide, undated:2 ) . This type of research is really effectual in order to garner some information about the behavior, the sentiments and the attitudes. Furthermore, as Wimmer and Dominick ( 1997:84 ) refer ence that the most of import in the qualitative research is the deepness of the informations and non the comprehensiveness of the informations. Harmonizing to Colorado State University ( 1993- 2011 ) the ‘case survey refers to the aggregation and presentation of elaborate information about a peculiar participant or little group, often including the histories of topics themselves. A signifier of qualitative descriptive research, the instance survey looks intensely at an person or little participant pool, pulling decisions merely about that participant or group and merely in that specific context ‘ . Case survey, as Feagin, Orum and Sjoberg ( 1991 ) refers, is considered an ideal methodological analysis. This survey is used for assorted researches, which are related with sociological surveies and more specifically with the instruction. The instance survey is a really good method and beginning about the subjects of the behavior and investigates infrequent phenomena. In add-on, it is really utile to near theoretical premises and it gives you an chance for invention. At last, it is a good solution for the basic group of psychological science, Eisenhardt ( 1989:536- 537 ) high spots. Frey and Oishi ( 1995:1 ) refers that the definition of interview is ‘a purposeful conversation in which one individual asks prepared inquiries ( interviewer ) and another replies them ( respondent ) ‘ . Trochim ( 2006:1 ) high spots that interviews are the most ambitious and interesting signifiers of happening information. The most appropriate manner for the informations aggregation is a personal interview which enables us to roll up our replies personally and follow our inquiries. As Oakley ( 1981:32 ) underscores that a individual ‘s thoughts and positions are more freely expressed and sometimes leting the interviews to inquire farther inquiries depending to the replies or sometimes the modulation of the reply. Interviews are as a conversation between two people with the purpose to carry through the purposes of the research, Best ( 2010:2 ) . In order for an interview to be successful it must be in signifier of friendly conversation but in the interim give all th e needed information needed, Goode and Hatt ( 1952:191 ) supports. ‘The motive of successful interviewing is ‘be friendly but non excessively friendly † ( Oakley, 1981:33 ) . Besides, all the research workers want to garner dependable findings but necessary status for this is the respondents to be sincere and give full replies in the inquiries. If it is non go on this, so there is large job the results to be misrepresented, Best ( 2010 ) references. Harmonizing to Evaluation toolkit ( 2006 ) interviews as method are particularly utile. First of all through this method everyone has the chance to look into different subjects in deepness. Besides, the research workers can understand how the participants think, feel and what is their sentiment for the specific issue. In add-on, interviews help the participants to experience more comfy about the sensitive subjects and of class add a human dimension to impersonal informations. Furthermore, with this method one can garner more information and inside informations about the personal feelings and perceptual experiences of the participants and the inquiries can go more elaborate. There is a high proportion of credence and the words of the participants are recorded word by word. Furthermore, another important advantage is that the inquiries can be made clearer and more specific because the conversation is face to face. The same can go on for the replies if they are considered that their replies are lacking. Similar state of affairs can go on when it is necessary to go elucidation about the context of the inquiries as for illustration when pupils have English as 2nd linguistic communication. Finally, in this method each participant is entirely showing his/ her sentiment and there is no danger to be affected by the other participants. Similar position is supported by the British Educational Research Association ( BERA ) ( 2006- 2011 ) , which think that the method of interview is the best manner to cognize whatever you want, to garner all the informations and in general BERA consider that the above method is the most effectual manner for the different positions and sentiments of people. The inquiries in this instance are the same and there is the chance to reiterate the interview and analyze a big figure of people rapidly and easy. Another basic ground, for which it is good to utilize this method, is the formal relationship between the research worker and the interviewee. The seconds know really good what the number ones want from them. Consequently, via an interview there is no possibility to be uncomplete or to be obscure the replies. This may go on because each research worker guides the conversation without of class impacting them ( Sociological Research Skills, dateless: 1- 2 ) . Harmonizing to the Association for Qualitative Research ( AQR ) ( undated ) the pilot survey is ‘a little survey conducted in progress of a planned undertaking, specifically to prove facets of the research design ( such as stimulus stuff ) and to let necessary accommodation before concluding committedness to the design ‘ . The pilot survey is a little experiment, which designed to prove the informations aggregation and has as purpose the betterment and the effectivity of the quality. It is normally less than the chief research and accordingly can supply limited information and inside informations as Ruxton and Colegrave ( 2006 ) underscores. The pilot survey is particularly utile for the behavior of one research and it has a batch of advantages. A important advantage of this survey is that it can give progress warning about where the chief research could neglect. Furthermore, it can assist you to gain if the methodological analysis of the research is appropriate for garnering all the information or if it is excessively complicated. Some other advantages are that you can measure if the technique, which will utilize is effectual. How many possibilities there are in order to be successful the research and how much you can near your subject. You can plan protocol and so to measure if this protocol is execu table. You besides have the possibility to cognize the beginnings, which are needed for this survey as for illustration the staff or the finance. Therefore, the research worker assesses the techniques of the informations aggregation and possible jobs in the chief research. Another dramatic plus is the aggregation of preliminary informations, which will be really utile for the chief research. This is so helpful because the research worker obtain as many elements for the research procedure. Finally, in the instance of funding the relevant organic structures are really of import to cognize if the research squad have the appropriate abilities, deserving support and can be supported by these organic structures. In some words, the significance of the pilot survey, as De Vaus ( 1993:54 ) high spots, is ‘Do non take the hazard. Pilot test first ‘ . For these grounds I did pilot survey before my research. First of all, I had written some inquiries, which I applied to two other people except from the six basic participants. Of class, these two people were high school instructors and are direct related with the instruction and the educational procedure. The inquiries of my interviews are particularly related with the psychological science, the emotional behavior of instructors and the relationship between instructors and pupils. After the pilot survey, I made some alterations and amendments in order to go more comprehendible and apprehensible. In peculiar, the first inquiry is for the instruction background of instructors. How long have you been learning and where did you develop. Another inquiry is if you study psychological science as portion of your undergraduate grade. Then, what is the relationship between instructors and pupils. Is it distant or friendly? What is your learning manner? Is it rigorous, relaxed or friendly? The following has relation with the emotional behavior of instructors and the public presentation of pupils. Is it better to demo emotion or non? In what ways? Do you believe that demoing emotion can do instruction and larning more effectual? Do you believe that you would hold been benefited from holding a great cognition of psychological science in your learning preparation and why. For illustration, in the first agenda the inquiry about the emotional behavior of instructors was perfectly indistinct and the interviewees could non reply. This understood it because the participants did long clip to answer and they looked me with admiration. In order to reply, they asked me more elucidative inquiries and after this process were ready to get down. The same happened with the inquiry about the psychological science. In the first program the issue was if they considered of import the psychological science in instruction. In this instance, the inquiry was really obscure and general and I had to go more specific in order to steer the participants. On the other manus, during the pilot survey, I asked the two instructors for their teaching manner during the lesson in the schoolroom. Hearing their replies, I comprehended that they referred besides in their relationship with their pupils. Therefore, I decided to add this inquiry in my interview agenda. Finally, after the pilot survey I looked once more my inquiries really careful for troubles and jobs and I tried to do them clear every bit more as possible. More specifically, this process helps me really much to understand and to gain different jobs about my inquiries. In peculiar, I found in some points that my inquiries were equivocal and tenebrific. For illustration, the respondents do non grok really clear what I precisely mean and as a consequence there is confusion in the replies consequently. It is really hard to get down the methodological analysis portion of one research without making pilot survey. Here, the participants are active members, single personalities and there are many possibilities, each individual to grok the inquiry with different manner. Therefore, each research worker should be really careful ; otherwise the research will non hold the expected result and its consequence will be undependably. Except from this, treating the information from the replies, which they gave me, I had the chance to believe about the other facets of my issue and therefore added new inquiries in the first agenda. All this process, decide dly, had positive impact on the informations aggregation because it helped me to cover the subject every bit more as possible. Furthermore, via this survey, I managed to larn more things about this subject and I was to the full prepared for the following measure.DecisionTo sum it up, the basic point of this paper is the technique of interviews, the method aggregation of informations which support to the qualitative methodological analysis, every bit good as the pilot survey. The most of import of this essay is that the interview is one of the best methods in order to roll up some information for a research. In general it is really utile while the communicating is friendlier in comparing with the other methods and the participant can freely expressed his/ her sentiment. In add-on, you have the opportunity to explicate and clear up the inquiries because the interview is face to face. On the other manus, the 2nd large subject is the pilot survey. It is besides helpful and utile but thi s takes portion before the chief research. This process helped me really much to do my inquiries really clear and to better my interview agenda. After my experience, I realised that the pilot survey should be compulsory to carry on a successful research every bit good as has perfectly positive impact on its development. The alterations, the amendments and the augmentation some inquiries seem to be important elements for dependable findings. It is doubtless that the results of my probe after the pilot survey are more valid than earlier. It is true that the methodological analysis portion may be the most hard but besides the most indispensable component. It is the point, in which 1 ought to give a batch of attending because it is the nucleus and the cardinal portion of each research. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/aeo9702.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.evalued.bcu.ac.uk/tutorial/4c.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bera.ac.uk/data-collection-interviews-in-research/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sociology.org.uk/methsi.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU35.pdf Ruxton GD & A ; Colegrave N ( 2006 ) Experimental Design for the Life Sciences ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford: Oxford University Press. hypertext transfer protocol: //writing.colostate.edu/index.cfm Best, S. ( 2010 ) ‘Course Materials: Interviews: Supporting Materials ‘ , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //blackboard.manchester.ac.uk/webct/urw/lc5116011.tp0/cobalt MainFrame.dowebct, Last Accessed: 5 May 2011

The Labour Market Sector UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Labour Market Sector UK - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that the demand for labor in the United Kingdom is influenced by the availability of skills, expertise, and knowledge in the country. Different types of labor are required in the country to meet the demand of labour in various sectors. According to HRM in context, a labour market can be described as a mechanism through which labour is purchased and sold as a commodity. Labor demand is the number and types of jobs available in a country, whilst labour supply is the number and types of employees available. Therefore, the labour market of a country consists of a relationship between workers and work. The marketing intelligence of the labor market is important in that, one is able to relate the labor supply and labor demand of a country, and determine how the two aspects correlate with each other. Internal labor market refers to an organization’s internal supply of labour, whereby, employees are assigned specific roles in an organization. T he human resources in that particular firm concerns itself with the needs of employees such as training and development, retention, and job security among others. The external labor market represents the external supply and availability of labour. A country’s eternal supply of labor could be regional or internally, which may involve immigrants relocating into the host country. The main methods that will be used in this report are secondary and primary methods; however, secondary sources are most preferred, as they give accurate data, which cannot be found in primary sources. They are also less expensive compared to primary data that involves questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data already exists, for instance, Euromonitor and UK government statistics will offer genuine information regarding the labour market for several years. It also saves on time and assists in improving primary data by making it more specific; such sources include Euromonitor, keynote, national statistics, and the guardian and other academic sources, which will be applied to this report. According to FAO (N.d), secondary data availability contributes to the fast way of reaching to conclusions due to the quality of information these sources contain. In addition, secondary data is effective in solving problems by assisting the researcher to understand the actual problem. Reid and Bojanic (2006 p209) argue that the advantages of using secondary data sources include less cost, timeliness whereby an individual can access information very fast as opposed to waiting for weeks for the data to be collected and analyzed. In addition, frustration is reduced as the researcher can access the required information from appropriate sources. Primary data collection sources are advantageous, as data is collected straight from the population, for instance, with the use of questionnaires and interviews, hence providing original data and unbiased information. According to Goeldner and Ritchie (2009), primary data sources are original as they involve the actual collection of data; however, secondary data needs to be collected first before collecting primary data. Therefore, secondary data should be exhausted first before opting for primary data collection. According to Weinreich (2006), quantitative research techniques produce quantifiable reliable data especially when generalizing larger populations. Therefore, quantitative research provides a clear picture of the expectations of a research. This

Review of Diabetes Mellitus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Review of Diabetes Mellitus - Essay Example Diabetes is a third leading cause of death in United States of America, next only to heart disease and cancer. In the present article, the clinical presentation, diagnosis, evaluation, current treatment modalities with specific emphasis on the newer therapeutic approaches for diabetes will be reviewed. Introduction. The condition called â€Å"Diabetes† is so prevalent in modern day societies that it would be impossible to find a person who does not know some one with this condition. Statistics of diabetes confirm this validity of this statement. An estimated 20.8 million people, constituting about 7% of the population, live with diabetes in United States (CDC report, 2007). The question arises why is diabetes a bane of the modern society. The answer to this query lies in a large number of epidemiological studies showing that obesity and sedentary life style is a risk factor for developing diabetes. Individuals with a good Basal Metabolic Index (BMI, less than 21) have the lowest risk of diabetes occurring to them and increasing incidence of the condition seen in obese people (Coditz, 1990; Carey, 1997). Similarly there is an inverse correlation between the level of physical activity and the risk of developing diabetes (Manson, 1991,1992). In order to understand the clinical presentation of diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, and therapeutic options it is imperative to understand the regulation of Glucose levels (or Homeostasis) in normal human beings (Figure 1). Many diseases result from the perturbation of the homeostasis, a condition known as homeostatic imbalance. Several factors including aging lead to the loss of this regulation leading to disease. Diabetes is also a chronic metabolic disorder caused by the disturbance in the homeostasis of glucose. Classification of diabetes mellitus. As per the American Diabetes Association publication (ADA report, 2006) vast majority

Riding on the Waves of Online Retall Business Research Paper

Riding on the Waves of Online Retall Business - Research Paper Example Now, the internet has been proven to be an effective vehicle as well to boost a growing business’ economy. Private accounts in public sites such as Multiply and other blog sites can now be considered shopping spots for some specialized products or services, and young entrepreneurs resort to these sites to begin selling their wares first to their friends, and hope that the word spreads so more traffic is geared to their online business sites. Noninska (2003) identified three basic models that represent main electronic commerce systems. One is â€Å"Business-to-Business (B2B), another is â€Å"Business-to-Consumer† (B2C) and the last is â€Å"Consumer-to-Consumer† (C2C). This paper will focus on B2C. Cyprus (2011) explains that B2C refers to the online selling of products, known as e-tailing. B2C makes it possible that any product can be virtually e-tailed. However, the challenge for online retailers and manufacturers is to attract consumers to their website marke tplace. Originally, this needed assistance with search engines, as consumers often search for products or services they need by keying in the related words on a search engine search bar. Usually, consumers choose websites on the first few pages of the results that flash up the screen. Knowing this tendency of consumers, businesses fight for a slot in the first few pages of the results of a search. One way to do it is to purchase paid listings as well as employ search engine optimization techniques such as using popular consumer keywords in their web text. The purpose of attracting traffic towards their website is to receive views from consumers and potential clients (Cyprus, 2011). Two variations of the B2C model were identified by Robert (2007). Direct sale to the customer is the first variation. An example is SmugMug.com charging their consumers for photo sharing/hosting services. The customers’ photography skills range from inexperienced shutterbugs to professional photogr aphers. This site does not offer any feature for free unlike other sites like Flickr because they are confident that their consumers are aware that they offer a great product at the right price so there is much value in availing of their service over a competitor offering services for free. Actual products and goods are mostly sold by online retailers. The second approach is the advertising model where popular sites that generate huge amounts of traffic like YouTube, Flickr, Facebook, etc. come in. Free services are offered to consumers so visitors flock in who then become targets of advertising when they are logged in. Advertising can come in various forms such as â€Å"pay-per-click like Google ads to cost-per-impression to direct sale of a spot† (Robert, 2007). Just how do B2C outfits operate? Noninska (2003) compares B2C systems to real-world shopping experience. Transactions are done over an open network, so customers have unrestricted access. When a deal is closed, paym ent is made using credit cards. The B2C system verifies the validity of the card and the identity of the customer (Steinfield, n.d.). B2C sites should be user-friendly as well as offer benefits to customers such as low costs and data security. It should be able to deliver the required information within the shortest time possible so customers do not have to wait

ECONOMICS OF RACE AND GENDER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ECONOMICS OF RACE AND GENDER - Essay Example The variance in appearance that would facilitate the rich, as well as well rounded debate that would occur about a wealth of issues by a wide variety of the general populous. Just as economic understanding is important in terms of comprehending the societal picture, so is the influence that diversity would have on it as well. From a standpoint of general definition, diversity in a sense is the variance found within participants in a given area. One such instance of diversity would be the distinction between the genders. The difference in the level of earnings possessed between the species, largely based upon the gender of the respective individual. Ultimately, the case would become the economics of gender and how it plays out for everyone. How an individual may find themselves, at any point in their live, judged not for their work as the primary reason but rather, would see the judgment placed upon them, in the form of such things as monetary compensation, be based upon their gender. Statistics have also outlined throughout history, in terms of the issue of earning capacity of individuals that would belong to a specific race, or nationality of origin. As the present state of the American economy would make it so that more and more people would be further assessing the influences that impact the economy as a whole, the consideration of race and gender in terms of the economy’s performance, would be all the more important to look at. Group participation projects can be very beneficial in terms of getting the full spectrum of the issue at hand. The advantage being the opportunity to harness the opinions of the group members as they work together and create a product for the rest of the class to view. As for the role taken personally in terms of my participation within the creation of the group project, I would have to say

The Canadian Health Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Canadian Health Act - Essay Example This paper explores the strategic failures of these five criteria with regard to the present Canadian healthcare system. I tend to argue that the Canadian health care lags behind in quality even though it is characterized by an excellent policy framework. To begin with, the public administration criterion mainly intends to describe the system of healthcare administration by a public authority. Under this system, the concerned public authority administers the healthcare insurance plan on a non-profitable basis. Similarly, the comprehensiveness criterion demands that the healthcare insurance plan must insure all services which are ‘medically necessary’ for each province (Parliamentary Information and research Service, n.d.). At the same time, the third criterion universality has designed to ensure the unbiased healthcare services to everyone. Hence, this system gives access for all the residents to healthcare insurance and other related services. It is identified that port ability is a very similar criterion to universality. It asks to make provisions for extending the insurance coverage to all persons who are temporarily absent from their respective provinces or from Canada. The last criterion accessibility requires the indiscriminate services to the insured person without considering their age, income, or health status. Although the five criteria seem to be the powerful ingredients of the Canada health Act 1984, in my opinion, the criterion of comprehensiveness is the most fruitful one. It is defined under section 9 of the Canada Health Act 1984 and demands that the health care insurance plan must â€Å"cover all insured health services provided by hospitals, physicians, or dentists (surgical-dental services which require a hospital setting) and, where the law of a province permits, similar or additional services rendered by other health care practitioners† (lecture notes; slide 38). This criterion ensures the coverage for all healthcare serv ices under health care insurance plan. It is opined that improved health care facilities are the part of social justice since all individual have certain interests regarding their health. Choudhry (1996) tells that the basic idea behind this criterion is that an individual gets wide range of opportunities in order to cover his/her disability. The effect of this criterion saves the Canadian people from the overburden of healthcare expenses. Hence, people do not need to put off their medical consultation on the ground of lack of finance. It is estimated that lion’s part of the expenditure on Canada’s dental care services were financed privately. In order to overcome this difficulty, the comprehensiveness criterion of the new Act covers dental services also. Similarly, healthy generation is the essential requirement and asset of every nation since this factor adds value to the manpower requirements of the economy. Although the terms of the Canada Health Act 1984 are enoug h to cover the need of the Canadian society, some of its features fail to meet its actual intentions; especially, universality, accessibility, and comprehensiveness. The criterion of universality demands the cent percent serviceability to persons who are covered under healthcare insurance plan. However, there are not enough doctors in the country to satisfy this demand. As a result, the universality factor fails to meet its actual requirements. Similarly, the accessibility factor tries to avoid all health care disparities

Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Management Systems Thesis

Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Management Systems - Thesis Example This research will begin with the presentation of theories in the field of security and identity. Secure authentication protocol for the multi-server environment using dynamic ID. This theory relies on the nonce-based (a value or counter) mechanism rather than timestamp. The authentication key of the user is based on two factors such that the theft of one cannot be used to recreate the other, thereby improving the level of security. The theft of the past session key cannot serve to provide access to any individual twice since the key is nonce-based and unique every time. User anonymity is protected with the dynamicity of the variables of the login session. The user Ui sends the following login message to the desired server Sj: (CIDi, Pij, Qi, Ni) where CIDi is the dynamic and ID of Ui, Pij and Qij are nonce-based variables and Ni is the nonce value. The above-mentioned variables are computed by hash functions in accordance with the uniquely generated nounce. This technique not only p rovides a unique session but also hides the identity of the user.   Its attributes: Two-factor authentication; Single registration for multi-server access; User anonymity; Avoidance of time-synchronization problem. These authors have not implemented their approach in the physical environments; however, the attributes of their theory seem effective enough to facilitate a secure service in multi-server environments.... Several laws and security measures are deployed to protect the identity of individuals in the physical world but minimal efforts have been witnessed for the provision of such laws in online spaces. Control of personal information Clear mapping between physical and virtual identity Conceal information This theory is relevant since it provides an individual certain rights to control the exposure of his personal information. This enhances the level of privacy and security of the data. The authors explain the implementation of the concept of e-ID federation which provides access across multiple platforms [21]. e-ID federation implements a security token service (STS) that is based on the Windows Identity Framework. The authentication mechanism is based on security certificates, login forms, Windows Authentication and OpenID credentials [22]. A common platform is established by the STS that can be accessed by different sources to authenticate the individuals. The interoperability takes pl ace on an intermediate layer that serves as an abstraction of the authentication mechanism. The federated authentication mechanism of STS can be seen in Appendix A.2 Security certificates OpenID credentials WS Federation Specification The STS authentication mechanism has been explained in a comprehensive manner with the aid of a diagram. Windows Identity framework can serve as the basis of the authentication mechanism for the chosen research study. Perspectives Theory name Definition of the theory The reason for selecting this theory Its attributes If the theory and attributes can be applied in virtual or physical environments Acceptability and

Capstone Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capstone Research Project - Essay Example The rise and fall of organizations is dependent on the business practices adopted by them in a particular business environment. It is often assumed that the prime responsibility of any organization is to promote fair and honest business practices along with being transparent and honest to stakeholders in the short as well as in the long run. In terms of effective business practices, it is judicious to follow the prescribed financial standards and parameters of the recognized bodies. The Financial Accounting Standards Board designs Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for public and private companies. GAAP can be considered as a book of law that is not authorized by the government of the US but is followed religiously by the corporate community of the country. The guidelines mentioned in the GAAP are generally accepted by all companies and unwillingness to follow these guidelines has severe consequences that might even hamper the growth and development of the culprit organization. Over the years, wide arrays of organizations have tried to dress their financials in a manner that conceals the validity and financial information that might affect the overall decisions of stakeholders. In order to safeguard the interest of stakeholders, GAAP was introduced and has been great success in terms of acceptance and following across the world. The assignment aims at highlighting the importance of GAAP in context to Capstone Research Project by evaluating organization’s accounting practices and interpretations. Some of the issues pertaining to unfair business practices totally against the GAAP would be discussed in an analytical manner along with identifying the relevance and importance of GAAP in the financial world. The understanding would be presented through a series of example based on text books and journals understanding. Initial Findings After analyzing the accounting practices and interpretations of the organization, it was found that wide arrays of frauds and malpractices were prevailing in the financial system of the organization. Some of the fraudulent activities include: Leases on Technology Assets seems Inflated It needs to be understood that the organization uses technological assets to strengthen the operational activities. Leasing usually has a lower impact on the cash flow considering lower cash ou tflow at the initial phase. It needs to be mentioned that leases are not treated as assets and thus there is no reason to mention them in the balance sheet. Moreover, even if the leases on technology assets are shown in the balance sheet, it should be shown in a transparent manner without inflating or deflating its value. GAAP Rule- the GAAP rule states that usually operating lease does not affect the balance sheet of the organization as it is not considered as an asset and on the other hand, the expense is not highlighted in the income and expense statement. However, many organizations state leases in the balance sheet and income and expense statement just to dress the statements as per their needs and desires that is totally against the normal business practice (Barry, Jermakowicz, 2007 pp-965). Consequences of the Activity- it may be the case that the independent auditors and financial bodies highlight the fraudulent activity as inflating leasing assets affect the financial ratio s and thus misguide the stakeholders in every possible manner. GAAP do not allow such acts and consider this as a serious offence. Measures to Control the Activity- An independent set of auditors should be appointed by the organization working in tandem with the internal auditors to control and manage the transparency of financial statements in an honest manner. The management should take the initiative of appointing independent auditors auditing financial statements at regular interval along with promoting honest and ethical business practi

Gender stereotypes in the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender stereotypes in the media - Essay Example When analyzing several commercials from Gender Stereotype (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSIEXtDElOM), specific roles can be seen that are based on expectations of each gender. The first set of gender stereotypes presented in the first commercial show a distinct difference between the masculine and feminine roles. The male is seen working at a computer, which implies the function that men are supposed to have in society. When the woman comes into the room, she immediately begins undressing and getting into lingerie. Throughout the commercial, the woman represents the sex object that is able to entice men. Even though she walks in with a business suit, it becomes secondary to the lingerie. The masculine role is furthered by this when the sexual representation of the woman is able to interrupt the work that the man is doing in the commercial. More importantly, other men that see this on the webcam show the appeal to the sex object and the concept of men is based on the corporate and work figure. The second commercial that is used implies the same concepts about gender stereotype. The female figure is again seen as a sexual object through the lack of actions that she takes. She is seen bathing in the sun with a skimpy bikini and is unaware of what is occurring around her. The male is in the background with a fake lawn mower, which he is using to watch the woman. The gender role of the woman is based on creating a specific sexual object and figure, while the male looking at the female implies a working man that can easily be distracted or changed by watching the opposite sex. The third commercial holds to the same gender stereotypes that are incorporated in the media. There are several women that are seen throughout the commercial. Each are wearing shorter dresses, even with the work clothes that they are wearing. The size and figure of each of the women is a skinnier look, with

Magazine article on E-books Essay Example for Free

Magazine article on E-books Essay Cassettes-sidelined! DVDs –gathering dust! VHS-retired! Technology mutates and evolves leaving redundant platforms in its place. Much of the time technology is beneficial and change is good, however occasionally change is not so auspicious and we do not realise what we have lost until it’s truly gone. The book. The Bible, The odyssey and The Gruffalo (and that’s not even mentioning the poets). All books which have stood the test of time and are still being read as much today as the moment they were published; with these texts societies were bound and broken; lessons were learned and empires fell; all to the humble book. However the brazen veteran; the book; is endanger of being stripped of its crown by the young and brash E-book. In the words of Northrop Frye books are the only piece of technology which has not become socially defunct–Yet! They have stood firm whilst DVDs, tapes and vinyl like empires, rose and fell. However the frog like e-book with its dull boring features and its fabulously annoying Wifi connectivity could be the bane of books. E-books are vastly growing in nature, like a weed; multiplying on every train, beach and plane you see them they are growing in number and his suggested by 2016 there will be nearly 10 billion of these dastardly devices roaming the world. Even the mere existence of E-books has created a whole new type of piracy where people are ripping off hard working authors and publishers by getting counterfeit e-books online for free. This illegal practice was consummated by the emotionless e-book. These characterless devices rob the tangible nature you get from books. The feel of the paper the smell of the ink all contribute to the sensation we get from reading. E-books rob this from us and sadly soon children will not understand this interaction as they will be more familiar with the blistering headache the monotonous e-book provides.

Vulnerability Of Adults With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay

Vulnerability Of Adults With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay Adults with learning disabilities who are vulnerable need support to ensure that they are not denied the right or opportunity to make their own decision and give their own consent (Peate Fearns, 2006). According to Hayes, (1993) states that, adults with learning disabilities who may have had no choice but to accept the labels dingbat or airhead to cover the confusion, memory lapses, misread or misunderstood directions, or the dozens of other mean tricks that adult has played on through the years. People who have much less the ability and capacity to understand new or complex information, either less able learn new skills also has a little ability to dealing independently like-the ability to social work weakness and the requirement that of the beginning before the age of puberty have a lasting effect on development (Scottish Executive,2010). Adults with learning disabilities comprise of a highly vulnerable part of the society, who have limited access to health care facilities /services offered to them. According to Kerr et al., (1996a) he states that, learning disabilities suffer form a similar range of morbidity as the general population, but some conditions are seen with greater frequency within certain syndrome. They are often faced with obstacles and challenges while coping with grave situations such as loss and bereavement of loved ones, personal illness, death etc (Elliott, 1995).They are known to have been ignored persistently in terms of providing services in the need of personal illness, death, and other challenging life situations, thus increasing their vulnerability all the more (Elliott, 1995). Vulnerability Risk: A vulnerable adult is a person who is eighteen years of age or older who is, or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness; and who is or may be unable to take care of him or herself, or protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation. -No Secrets March 2000, p 45. Every human being becomes vulnerable during their lifetime for many of reasons they all respond differently to events that happen to them because of who they are and the lack of support that they have around them (Jacki, 2001). The term vulnerable adult(s) is now use more widely in the social care field than it ever was, but it may be open to interpretation and being vulnerable means different things to different people (Jacki,2001). People with learning disabilities are one of the most vulnerable groups in the society (Department of Health 2001). Learning disabilities may be more at risk not only because their own difficulties in understanding or communication but also because of the way they receive services and the fact that they may be actively targeted or taken advantages (Jean and Anthea, 1997). The broad definition of vulnerable adults is a person: who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or disability, age or illness; and who is or may be unable to take care of themselves, or unable to protect him against significant harm, risk or exploitation (DOH 2000, s.2.3). Among the most vulnerable members of society they cant speak up for themselves. For example, if consequences are limited when an adult with learning disabilities abuses another person, the victim may be left with the idea that such behaviour is normal and acceptable, and that services will provide little protection and that their complaints will not be heard. It may also increase their vulnerability to further abuse because abuse can become normalised and more likely to be the victim of abuse physically (McCarthy and Thompson, 1996). The Oxford Dictionary define risk as meaning a hazard, a dangerous, exposure to mischance or peril, as verb it also similar which means hazard, to danger, to expose to the chance of injury or loss( Parsloe, 2005). Risk is closely linked to dangerousness, resulting in harm which seems to be agreed means harm to self or others and extend of harm which constitutes a risk in various situations especially adult with learning disabilities. If you dont know for sure what will happen, but you know the odds thats risk, and if you dont even know the odds, thats uncertainty (Knight, 1921, p.25). Royal Society (1983) states that, risk assessment which axiom as the probability that a particular adverse event occurs and social services has been concerned predominate with risk assessment to prevent harm. They may also suffer further if they have to deal with seeing their perpetrator on a regular basis, and may be subject to further assaults in retaliation of their initial complaint. In addition to the risks to existing victims, poor responses may result in increasing numbers of people being abused. Definition of vulnerable adult in section 80(6) Care Standard Act 2000 states that- (a) an adult to whom nursing and accommodation or personal care are provided in care whom (b) in adult to whom personal care is provided in their under arrangements made by a domiciliary care agency own home (Peate Fearns, 2006). Adults with learning disabilities, and those people who have a less capacity like who have mental illness, old and frail, need protection from potentially abusive situation over which they might have little control (Department of Health, 2000). Learning disability Adolescents obliviously it is not always acted in ways that serve their own best interests, even as defined by them (Fischhoff et al., 2000). Sometimes their perception of their own risks, even of survival to adulthood, is larger than the reality; in other cases, they underestimate the risks of particular actions or behaviours since adults abuse and risk has gain higher profile. According to Kemshall and Pritchard (2001) states that, there has been much debate about a welfare model or a criminal justice model should be adopted. After the recent death Steven Hoskin 22 years young man who has been dead by numbers people. Adults vulnerable protection systems are likely to come under close scrutiny (Jacki, 2001). It is possible, indeed likely, that some adolescents engage in risky behaviours because of a perception of invulnerability-the current conventional wisdom of adults views of adolescent behaviour. Others, however, take risks because they feel vulnerable to a point approaching hopelessness (Fischhoff et al., 2000). In either case, these perceptions can prompt adults to make poor decisions that can put them at risk and leave them vulnerable to physical or psychological harm that may have a negative impact on their long-term health and viability. Learning Disabilities: The concept of learning disability Brumback (2004), people who have development disorder in their language, speech, reading and associated communication skills needed for social interaction also who have sensory handicaps such as blindness or deafness and generalized mental retardation. According to Robert (2009) Learning disability is a neurodevelopment disorder affecting a specific cognitive skill that occurs in the presence of intact skills in most others realms and specific impairments are presumed to be due to dysfunction of the brain and to have been present since birth. And learning disability substantially limits functioning in one or more aspect of persons life (Mapou, 2004). According to Mencap (2010) reports that, in the UK there are 1.5 million people with a learning disability. Most are treated as different and dont have the same control over their own lives as the rest of our society. Over the past century and a half there have been huge changes in the in the labelling of those people presently categorize as having learning disabilities. In social policy terms, they have been variously labelled as vagabonds, idiots, mentally handicapped, learning disabled, and people with learning difficulties among others names (Gordon,2005). Above the definition indicates that, Learning Disabilities is thà Ã‚ µ terminology used to label people that function at an intellectual level that is significantly lower than the average people in society (David and Hinor,2003). Different periods in history have meant different things, depending on the social and economic circumstances of the time, and of course on how long people with learning disabilities lived (Brian, 2006). Risk Assessment Decision Making Process/ Practice Tools: Increasingly responding to the risks of others, preventing risks to vulnerable adults or running risks to themselves is all in days work for the busy practitioners and manager in the field of social care (Brearley, 1982). Every day a lot of risk situation changes rapidly and what applied yesterday but may not today. Those service users who are identified as at risk would be provided highly effective instruction to reduce their risk in the identified area (e.g., language, reading, numeracy/ math, behaviour) (Brown, 2003). David Carson (1988b) points to about risk Risks should be taken to achieve specific goals in the light of possible harms occurring and Taking risks involves deciding that the potential benefits of a proposed act out weight the potential drawback (p.248). Hence risk always should be taking whether or not to act to achieve beneficial results in an awareness of potential harm. To minimize risk and make it useful and meaningful, may risk situations need to be reassessed regularly perhaps daily basis according service users daily need. People with learning disabilities are subject to risk all time due to their vulnerability they sometimes abused by those who have control over them or by those who realize that they are vulnerable because of their disabilities they often find it very much more difficult to assess risk the way most of social carer and services do (Vaughn and Fuchs, 2003). While most of carer don dont asses risk very efficiently they generally make some attempt to do so. Its not easy at all to do risk assessment as it is a complex task and most of the time carer or support worker they do adequately but not very thoroughly (Carol, 2002). In spite of some difficulties, there is an increasing awareness that people with learning disabilities can make choices, moreover they want to do so. Nevertheless its often failed to consider is that, the amount of risk that these choices carry and most of us have grown up accustomed to risk-taking. Many problems about assessing risk that different services user may perceive the different risk. What is acceptable to one person may not be acceptable to another. Main objective of the risk assessment when its possible may sometimes affect decision making in number of different ways (Heilbrun, K.et.al (1999). It is true many adults with learning disabilities who have always facing risk in their everyday life. Significantly about choice decision sometimes its difficult for adult as well carer to make right choice how could be at risk. The difficulty for people with learning disabilities is that carers often do feel often they are expected to make these choices for them. The law of negligence can appear to inhibit decision making personal freedom and choice sit uncomfortably next to the concepts of duty of care and professional liability (Fuchs, 2003). People with learning disabilities may not have done perhaps carers need to be encouraged to help their service users how to make choices with and appreciation of the risk involved. This is more challenging task than just encouraging choice alone it seems that not only should people with learning be allowed to make choices and take risk they should actively be encourage to do (Kemshall Pritchard, 1996). Multidisciplinary Risk Assessment: There are a range of sources where information can be gained for a through risk assessment which include the prospective resident, their relatives or practitioners involve with the person and any written reports; which may be historic or recent (Alaszewski and Manthorpe, 2002). The problem with the right to make choices is that it assumes that adult with learning disabilities are able to make choice about risk in the same way every one does (Heilbrun, K.et.al.1999). It acknowledge that adult with learning disabilities do have real difficulties with many cognitive takes. Most have problems in assessing risk effectively because of the complexity of doing so it is likely that people with learning disabilities will find the particular difficult. An endeavour to make balance the protection of vulnerable adults, as standard in the No Secrets guidance ( DoH, 2000) where different policies that encourage and aid to take more control to service users in their lives which also including to tak e opportunities and manage risks. In 2007, Department of Health established risk assessment and management regulation and various assessment tools for help practitioners and professional to work predominately in the field of social care. According to Jones, 1998 states that, the assessment of ability to consent and the ability to make real choice, especially in relation to understanding the likely consequences of the choices or decision made. It could be helpful when any risk assessment plan to do like-if carer support worker want to take any decision about the service users or any person , is the person are aware about that decision been mad or going take ? Are they communicating their choice decision making? Giving more choice people with learning disabilities especially about taking risk, its mean that carer have to be alert to the extent to which the service users are able realistically to assess the level of risks involved (Sellars, 2003). Many adult with learning disabled the most successful way to avoid and minimize risk to avoid further problem is by effective management. When the person concerned may have been living in a setting where the opportunities for such behaviour have been very limited or absent, carers and professionals are sometimes tempted to assume that because the recent past has been incident-free the problem has disappeared (Carol, 2003) Risk Assessment: Risk assessment is about predicting the future and the likelihood of particular events occurring; these will be both wanted and unwanted events (Pritchard, 2004). Risk assessment is merely the description of good methodical practice to risky situations (Jones, 1998 p.5). In leave to address matters of importance for instance dangers, hazards, and known triggers and how best to keep away from them is a risk assessment. Confirm that they are recognizable with the exacting risks that you have put measures in place to reduce, or eliminate them and that you could face with the person in your care. A multifaceted and time consuming task and a continuous process is Assessment (Pritchard, 1997). Assessment of risk for adult with learning disabilities which should be evolutionary in nature constantly informed and shaped by changes of circumstances upon service users needs (Brown, 2003). The practice of risk assessment and management is the process of data collection, recording, interpretation, communication and implementation of risk reduction plan (Maden, 1996). For the risk of learning disability, clinical model of risk assessment have become the norm. There are two kinds of risk that are relevant to work people with learning disabilities, risk of unnecessary exposure to undesirable events or experience, and risk of negative consequences when possible benefits and desirable experiences are perused ( William, 2006). Above this it is clear that a strategy of prevention should implement, and management is required so that risk and benefit are balanced. In social care and health care there are broadly two main context of risk which are not provided and everyday risk in their life and learning disability have a history of formally documented offence (Thompson, 2000). So far it has been established that different service users have different risk upon their physical and mental health which is major issue for people with learning disabilities and there are large number of people with learning disabilities who suffer from variety of physical and mental health condition (Heilbrun, K.et.al. 1999). However, the true extent of the problem cannot be known, due to difficulties in assessment, and it is estimated that the actual number is high due to the service users being unable to sufficiently communicate their social life. It follow that the more severe the communication problems, sometime its difficult service user are gain true assessment (Priest Gibbs2004). In order to fully appreciate the process of risk assessment, here identify the one of particular service users and consider the kind of life they lead at present. Service users who is Mr M 22 years old young male with complex physical learning disabilities who has Cerebral palsy affecting all four limbs, epilepsy, severe learning difficulties and Migraine which affects him seizure pattern. Who lives in a residential care home with four others service users people with learning disability. However this service user also have gastro feed which need to use for his water and medication as he cant drink and always need someone to assist his food. Deliberate self-harm is relatively common when he feels unhappy and anxiety his verbal language is very limited he can communicate within short sentences and can answer yes/no. Mr M always need to use wheel chair for maintains his everyday life. Assessment of risk The plan should note risk low, medium or high as well as the impact of the child or young person on others. (Guidance on the Child or Young Persons Plan, Scottish Executive. 2007, page 13). Risk assessment is useless unless the results are shared with everyone who is involved in the care of ht client (Sellars, 2003 p.154). There are several risk exist her for this service users as he has Cerebral palsy which is a general term used by doctors to refer to a set of neurological conditions that affect a people movement and co-ordination. Neurological conditions affect the brain and nervous system. Epilepsy is common, he needs to regular medicine and to control this and possibly refer to regular doctor visit due to he has migraine problem as well as. He also has choking difficulties while he eats his meal. Risk can fall of wheel chair if it does not fasten. At risk of being hurt when moved. And at risk of falling off ramp when loading in to resident vehicle while he travelling. Risk to carer/staff: This service user often to risk carer or staff, some risk that he could become aggressive if he is feel hungry or any physical illness. Infrequently he can become aggressive or even violent during the illness so that this behaviour needs to be monitored. Frequency of risk: This service user sometimes settled and had good responded well to medication. It is likely he is vulnerable and sometime faced with stress in his life due his migraine problem. And he has Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) and need to see doctor every four months. Level of Risk: The level of risk is very high this residential care home has own risk assessment plan. For minimize the risk as vulnerable adult trust has their own policy according to service users need. For health and safety and others physical risks as well as there are recognized health risk associated with the carer and service users. Taking risks daily on occasion, and thus the level of risk that he will come to harm which is quite high. Manual handling risk: To minimize risk during changing of position in bed/on floor, slide sheet to be used and make sure service user is positioned correctly and two trained staff to assist him all times. Staff to use high adjustments on equipment where needed like Hoist. To transfer from bed to chair, chair to bed and chair to chair the level of risk also high staff always hoisted for all transfer using allocated sling. Staff to use height adjustment equipment where available during Changing Bench/ shower/ bath level of risk also high. Due to his physical ability while he travels in transport he need his wheel chair and have to make sure four point clamps to be use while on the vehicle and addition seat belt to minimize risk during his journey. Possible outcome: The immediate outcome is that health needs are constantly monitored by his parents and his career. He has cerebrally palsy which affecting his limbs and also had severe learning disability and epilepsy which is controlled using prescribed medicine that administrated by his concern of his resident/trust. He also sometimes suffers from migraine and takes medication for his migraines appears to be controlled at the present time. He always uses wheel chair for mobility. Seizure and migraines are prone to increase when become too warm and carers are aware of this which is monitor by closely. Managing Risk: From the above analysis it is clear that this service user is a high risk client. However, the key to understanding the level of risk is the acceptance that his behaviour could be change which depends on his medication and close support from his parents/ career and doctor. And it is important in the first instance try keep staff safe and would be wise to ensure that staff work always in pairs, and that vulnerable are not left alone unattended. While assessed others should not be put at risk and violence cant be ignored (Casellas, 2003). Sometimes it would be wise to monitor behaviour it may be possible to discover patterns his behaviour like- When he became agitated is there any time or reason? How about his voice does he react different tones of voice? Why he wants to hit staff is there any communication gape? Are some time or someday difficult? Does he feel uncomfortable or need personal support? Or are there any physical problems which make him unhappy and annoyed? For behaviour assessment by psychologist or doctors recommended, in order to see if any patterns emerge this may allow the behaviour plan to be managed within the existing home. However sometime service users simply exploiting inexperience staff to his advantage, then it may be necessary to move him to another place ensuring that he is supported by staff with experience who knows him well. Thus a review of medication and careful monitoring to ensure that he takes it may improve the situation which he has epilepsy and others physical illness. And staff should be aware environment they are in and hazard that may be present. While proper risk-assessment procedures may be lengthy and complex quality of life for a person with learning disabilities is likely to depend upon them (Kemshall and Pritchard 1996). Conclusion/Recommendation: Risks change constantly and people grow, change, and develop. It is important to review risk assessment regularly, and aim always to increase choice and freedom for the people with learning disability (Sellars, 2003 p.155). People with learning disabilities are beginning to reclaim the lives they lost in the institutions, having choices, jobs, sex lives and even becoming parents unthinkable until even quite recently. Slowly, perhaps far too slowly, the rest of the community is beginning to realize that the majority of people with learning disabilities are not so different from everyone else, and need the same things in their lives that all of us do: work, leisure, partners, and a sense of being part of a social group (Heillbrun, K. Et al 1999). They want to feel useful and valued, as we all do. Life is full of risks. We all take risks all the time, and the more familiar they are the less we tend to recognize the real level of risk involved. It actually takes the greatest risk in our lives every time that we step into a car, but few of us really consider that risk seriously (Daniel, 2003). This is the other side of the coin; we are inclined to believe that it wont happen, even when the objective statistics suggest otherwise the difficulty that now exists for people with learning disabilities, especially those with greater disability, and those who care for and support them, is that the law specifies that many such people are vulnerable, and not able to make this choice for themselves (Daniel, 2003). The onus of assessing risk and making the decision therefore often rests with carers. Because it is such a difficult decision to make for someone else, carers often take the simple way out, and avoid letting situations arise where learning-disabled people in their care have the opportunity to develop sexual relationships: if a person cannot make an informed choice then perhaps it is easier not to offer them that choice (Lindsay 2004). This is the current dilemma for those who work in community care situations. According to David J. Thompson,(2000) the issue of sexual relationships is perhaps the most difficult and complex, but this problem of balancing risk and choice is a constant one for carers and professionals, in relation to many aspects of everyday life. In the background is the ogre of the law (and/or local management), ready to jump on the unwary, should they get it wrong. No wonder, perhaps that many are cautious about enabling such choices to be made. Get higher in the information of vulnerable adults referred to them for the reason that they are at risk of physical and sexual mistreatment, in addition to financial fraud, a study has found in Social services departments have seen (Simon, 1997. So where adult with learning disabilities have more complex problems, such as behaviour problem, mental illness, or others any physical or mental disorder they will need additional care and support to cope with their everyday lives (Hawks, 1998). Sometimes these problems impose additional risks, and these do need to taken into account when assessing and managing risks for each person/adult.

Types Of Pollution And Their Effects Environmental Sciences Essay

Types Of Pollution And Their Effects Environmental Sciences Essay The introduction of harmful waste materials, other forms of contamination which are a hazard to the life sustaining atmosphere of the planet earth is commonly known as pollution. Pollution affects the ecosystem of the planet causes discomfort to almost every living organism on the face of the planet. It is the result of ever-increasing pollution into the environment that the ozone layer over the earth that defends us from the damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun is being depleted. Recent rise in the temperature of many countries across the world is also the result of the same. (Pollution) Types of Pollution Typically, there are main types of pollution, which are: Air Pollution Water Pollution Noise Pollution Land Pollution Air Pollution Air Pollution is the contamination of air in the atmosphere that is important for every living being on the planet to sustain life. The common air pollutants (the substances which cause pollution) include smoke and harmful gases from industries, CFCs and oxides produced by the automobiles, the burning of solid wastes, i.e. sulphur oxides, CO, CO2, particulate matter, NH3, smoke produced by explosives and other radioactive particles (e.g. Radon gas is released into the atmosphere because of radioactive decay within the Earths crust) being released into the atmosphere. Air Pollution can also be a consequence of the natural disasters such as a volcanic eruption. Ill-effects of Air Pollution Air pollution causes depletion of the protective ozone layer. It also has dire health effects on the individuals living on earth; it may cause respiratory problems, asthma, lungs and heart diseases, etc. Air pollution also affects the cardiovascular system, but the effects depend on the individuals exposure to the pollutants. How to prevent Air Pollution Since some of the reasons of air pollution are natural, there is hardly any sort of possible human control. But, for the human caused pollution, one of the finest ways to stop air pollution is to walk more or cycle more, rather than driving cars and other motor vehicles, because the emission from them is the most prominent form of air pollution in todays context. Regular and on-time maintenance of vehicles can also help reduce the pollution substantially. Usage of bio-fuels, like CNG, and bio-gas also aid prevention of pollution in the atmosphere. In order to make sure that these rules are being followed there could be some kind of legislation from the government in the respective countries to ensure that there is reduced pollution ever. (Pollution, Water Pollution, Air Pollution) Water Pollution Water is one of the most important natural resources on the planet which is one of the necessary elements to sustain life on earth. Addition of harmful products to water which make is unusable is commonly known as Water Pollution. These products could be chemical, biological or physical materials that deteriorate the quality of water and the lives associated with it. Some of the most common water pollutants include industrial wastes (which are directly dumped into the sea of lakes making the water unfit for fishes and other organisms living in the water), domestic and farm wastes, oil spills, pesticides, as well as mining and agricultural wastes. (Pollution, Water Pollution, Air Pollution) Ill-effects of Water Pollution About 40% of the deaths globally are accounted by water pollution. Polluted water affects the flora and fauna of the sea organisms and these organisms when consumed by humans, cause harmful diseases. Also, the contamination of drinking water, which is produced from natural water resources, causes diseases such as jaundice, cholera, or typhoid. How to prevent Water Pollution As such, there are no ways to ensure prevent water pollution. The most effective way to prevent water pollution is to generate consciousness among the masses about the ill-effects of the same and if possible, enforce laws to prevent disposal of harmful wastes into the water. Noise Pollution It is the excessive cacophony in the environment, primarily due to sounds created by machines. It is generally caused by loudspeakers, microphones, loud music, noise from industries, from construction and civil engineering works etc. Ill-effects of Noise Pollution The main problem that noise pollution, (also known as sound pollution), causes is that it affects the physiological and psychological health of an individual who is exposed to the excessive sound. Sometimes, it can even cause deafness and impaired hearing. It also causes annoyance which might result on blood pressure variations, ultimately leading to coronary diseases. How to prevent Noise Pollution Again, legislation can be one of the most effective ways to reduce noise pollution. Also creation of airports, bus stands etc away from residential areas can be an effective way. (Noise Pollution and its control) Land Pollution Degrading the earths surface by improper commercial, industrial, agricultural and domestic activities is known as land pollution. Dumping of e-wastes and other industrial wastes into the land causes land pollution. Insecticides, pesticides etc also harm the agricultural land and the soil. Mining, deforestation, oil refineries construction debris, etc are the most common land pollutants. Ill-effects of Land Pollution The agricultural capability of soil gets affected as a result of the land pollution, making it infertile and unusable for farming purposes. Also, it might result in the lowering of water table inside the ground. How to prevent Land Pollution In order to prevent land pollution, individual should be more focused on buying bio-degradable products and the products can also be recycled, i.e. recycling the inorganic materials should be an important focus. As far as organic compounds are considered, they can be dumped in places which are far away from residential places or agricultural lands. Reducing the use of pesticides and insecticides can also aid land pollution prevention. Oil spilling has to be taken care of. Anti-littering campaigns can be initiated to create awareness about ill-effects of littering. Conclusion In conclusion, it would be safe to say that pollution is very important to be controlled if life is intended to be sustained on the planet. It may be in different forms but if the masses can be properly informed and educated along with strict legislations, pollution can be controlled.

The Internet :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Introduction Welcome to a world beyond reality; a world full of problems, promise, and possibilities. You are now in hyperreality, virtual reality, or cyberspace. It is whatever you want it to be. "[T]he Internet is like a highway, feeding small communities and large cities, and connecting their loops, backroads and alleyways" (Estrada XU). In other words, the Internet is a network of networks-a web that connects a vast number of computers. Wait! Don't give up yet, it's easier than you think. Using the Internet isn't "rocket science". An area that was once only for researchers is now used by a wide range of people from elementary students to farmers. The internet is an interactive environment. In her book, The Internet Companion Plus, Tracy Laqey gives the difference between television and the Internet by saying that when it comes to television, "we are only the watchers, but with the Internet we are "the reporters, the viewers, and the production team" (3). The Internet has very few restrictions these days, so for the most part you are free to do and say whatever you choose. It is the value of what you say, not who you are, that gets people to listen. The Internet is an "open and sharing environment" (3), as well as a complicated environment. With every involved endeavor a certain amount of information is required to fully enjoy and benefit from the experience. As for the Internet, this information is at first overwhelming. Let's put aside the details of connecting the systems and the technicalities and concentrate on the actual usage of the web. The internet has made our lives easier through ingenious inventions like computeriz ed card catalogs and e-mail. But, in order to fully understand this huge system, we must first know where it came from. The Internet had a modest start as ARPANET, a U.S. Defense Department network, and was designed to withstand a nuclear bomb attack. Information could be put in many different places to avoid a centralized storage of information. It was later split into two networks, and from one of these networks the Internet was born. Today the Internet has evolved into a monster. In their book, The Mosaic Handbook, Dale Dougherty, Richard Koman, and Paula Ferguson describe the Internet as "a cultural icon . . . [it] has come to represent what the future looks like today" (2). The possibilities are endless, and although we won't list them all here, we will introduce a few.

Foreshadowing in William Faulkners A Rose For Emily Essay -- A Rose Fo

In the story, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner the chronology of the story is chopped into pieces and moved around for the reader’s viewing pleasure. William Faulkner demonstrates how giving away part of the ending before the story has begun obligates the reader to investigate the story in order to get the rest of the ending, all the while building suspense for the reader, and building the storyline. The story starts off with part of the ending, which pulls the reader into the rest of the story. Right from the start, the story pulls the reader into what’s going on by giving them the line, â€Å"When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.130) That line makes the reader think to themselves â€Å"Why would an entire town go to a funeral?† And it’s true, what makes Emily Grierson so important that the entire town would go to her funeral? Maybe she was a magic healer or something, the reader just doesn’t know. And because the reader doesn’t know, human nature comes into play and curiosity takes its toll on the reader pushing them to read more. Then, further down ...