Introduction To Health Information Technology Health Essay

Introduction To Health Information Technology Health Essay Health informatics as (Conrick, 2006) sees it is the field that concerns itself with the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research including the information science and technology to support those tasks. It deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize acquisition, storage, and retrieval. Health informatics tools include computers as well as clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information and communication systems. More broadly speaking, its emphasis is on clinical and biomedical applications with the added possibility of the integrating these clinical components either among themselves or to more administrative-type health information systems. HIT is defined by the Department of Health and Human Services as a comprehensive management of medical information and its secure exchange between healthcare consumers and providers (Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). The recent advances in Health Information Technology (HIT) have transformed hospitals, medical centers, and clinics paper filing management into Electronic medical record systems (EMR). (Protti et al. describes Electronic medical records as a medical record in digital format. The National Alliance for Health Information Technology describes electronic medical records as an electronic record of health-related information on an individual that can be created, gathered, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff within one healthcare organization. (Hinman and Ross, 2010). For decades healthcare industries around the globe have invested significant portions of their health information technology budgets into acquiring best-of-breed clinical technologies in order to have the best tools to effectively and efficiently heal and treat patients. The UAE healthcare industry has kept in pace with the advancements in this area; however, the infrastructure of HIT in healthcare industries worldwide lags years, and sometimes decades, behind other industries such as the banking and logistics industries. Æ’Å ¸ information like this requires a source to prove its credibility. In recent efforts to improve healthcare quality several countries around the world have proposed healthcare reforms through information technology while emphasizing the concept of electronic health records. Electronic health record (EHR) as (Protti et al., 2009) sees it refers to an individual patients medical record in digital format. EHR systems coordinate the storage and retrieval of individual records with the aid of computers, which are usually accessed on a computer, often over an internal network. While most of the literature does not distinguish between the concepts of the electronic medical record and the electronic health record, (Hinman and Ross, 2010) explain EHR as an electronic record of the range of services received by a single patient within his or her lifetime from various providers and across a series of institutions. They further describe the electronic health record as containing health-related information on an individual that conforms to nationally recognized i nteroperability standards and that can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one healthcare organization. The purpose of this paper is to research and assess the key factors for the successful introduction of a new healthcare management software program called (eCare) in all hospitals and clinics across the UAE. The paper will aim to identify the target market, analyze the current key competitors, define the products competitive advantage, and evaluate and propose solutions to overcome its major weaknesses. UAE Healthcare Industry background The Healthcare sector in the United Arab Emirates is divided into 3 main sectors: Government Hospitals, ministry Hospitals, and Private Hospitals; government hospitals are governed by the emirates government and funded by each emirate separately. Ministry hospitals are governed by the UAE federation and funded by the ministry of health for all its hospitals across the seven emirates. Finally, the private hospitals are funded through their own administrations. All these hospitals in the end follow the rules and guidelines of the ministry of health while maintaining all levels of control of its procedures and practices as long as it abides by the ministrys health guidelines. Æ’Å ¸ can you provide a source for this info? The more sources the better. Business Model eCare is an innovative information management system based heavily on developing electronic health records and emphasizing health information exchange across the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. Our target market is the whole UAE healthcare network which includes government, ministry, and private hospitals as well as medical centers, clinics, and pharmacies across the seven emirates. We aim to provide the UAE with a simple, robust and flexible information management system that will facilitate the delivery of quality, integrated and cost effective healthcare services. eCare will facilitate the following objectives for the medical and administrative staff of the target market: Health information exchange between all healthcare providers database systems in order to create a single medical record for each patient through his or her national ID as an identifier. Online access to medical records, irrespective of patients location or service provider. Real-time drug dispensing and automated labeling and drug interaction alerts. A synchronized system will help different physicians in even different healthcare facilities avoid prescribing drugs with interactional problems. Real-time monitoring of disease trends in particular areas of the UAE and treatment outcomes. Online database of external medical bills and services promoting a streamline and efficient billing system. Online reports and statistics that cover the whole country as well as the ability to view detailed health reports for each emirate without giving away patients personal information (de-identification). Online processing and reporting of lab results and real time imaging investigations. Real-time appointment scheduling. eCare standards aim to achieve functional and efficient outcomes in health information exchanges. Health Information Exchange (HIE) is defined as the mobilization of healthcare information electronically across organizations within a region or community (Overhage et al., 2005). HIE provides the capability to electronically move clinical information among healthcare information systems while maintaining the meaning of the information being exchanged. Healthcare communities worldwide continue to adopt new approaches to better serve an increasingly complex patient population. eCare aims to improve safety of the patients, simplify service providers workflow through faster and more distributed access to medical information. Security of patients files is the number one priority in eCare standards that is why it emphasizes on the use of digital signatures and sophisticated file encryption methods so that hospital information systems can deliver EHRs to individual patients for personal health management purposes. Furthermore, eCare is a partner of the Health Level Seven standards organization which creates standards for the exchange, management and integration of electronic healthcare information. BOOK1REFERENCE Current Competitors eCare is the first of its kind in offering a full featured system proposed for the UAE government. The healthcare industry is young in the country while resources and capital are available to invest in it; however few rival companies tried to propose similar solutions for the UAE government. iCare Healthcare (iCHC) is a healthcare informatics and consulting firm assisting private and public sectors in establishing high standard healthcare systems. iCHC offers 14 different software solutions mainly focused on providers-payers solutions and not a fully fledged health information infrastructure that connects all healthcare providers in the country. The main concern of iCHC is to implement an electronic means for healthcare providers to connect with insurance companies, while eCares objectives cover important key elements of the healthcare industry in the UAE. (you need to provide a source for your information about iCare. Again, this is not a complete discussion of the competition. You are only going to mention one competitor? All the hospitals in the UAE must currently use some kind of medical record system What is it? You must compete with this and you must be able to convince all the hospitals to make the switch to your product how will you do this? Strategic competitive advantage Financing: The cost of implementing electronic health records and a system capable of exchanging health information has been an obstacle to their widespread adoption. The cost of any system implementation is usually borne by the hospital administration and taken out of the annual budget. However, the future of EHR and Health Information exchange promises more rewards and benefits to the healthcare industry and to its main stakeholder, the society. Implementation of a national infrastructure will require the government to financially support healthcare providers in order to overcome the cost issue. eCare will offer the government flexible and easy methods of payment that covers all aspects of the design, development, testing and rollout phase of the system as well as training the health care professionals and administrators to maximize the system utilization. Innovation: eCare is custom built to satisfy the needs of its customers as it can include several add-on options and can also be utilized to allow patients to view their personal medical records through simplified and secure interface. Reliability: eCare offers a variety of health information technology solutions which connects different stakeholder such as health care providers, patients and insurance companies to maximize the EHR utilization that is protected against theft, fraud and breaches through several levels of security measurements. eCare also improves the quality and reliability of health information through decreasing number of redundant data and minimizing medical errors. Major Problems Interoperability In the healthcare sector, interoperability is the ability of different information technology systems and software applications to communicate, to exchange medical data accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information related to the patient that has been exchanged. (Bailey et al., 2008). Berler et al. illustrated that the integration of information systems represents one of the most urgent priorities of a Regional Healthcare Authority (RHA) in order to meet its clinical, organizational and managerial needs. Current practice shows that the most promising approach to achieve a Regional Healthcare Information System (RHIS) is to use a HL7 message-based communication system implemented by an asynchronous common communication infrastructure between healthcare sites (Berler et al., 2004). Privacy and Security Issues Data security and confidentiality of health information are two of the most important concerns in the application of electronic health technologies. Security access is a major concern as e-health technologies become available to a huge number of users spread across the whole country. Taking the banking industry as an example; the sensitivity of our personal financial information ranks right up there with the privacy and security of our personal health information; however, people establish relationships not only with the branch they opened an account with, and shared all their personal information with but also with a global network of real-time financial information; therefore eCare is also able to take appropriate measurements such as firewall protection, data encryption, and password access can all be employed to secure patients personal and health information. Just as in the banking system, eCare can also enable the patients to control their medical records as much as they handle their financial investments; one of the major issues of an interconnected healthcare infrastructure is security and privacy of the information and who is allowed to handle these confidential information and how to limit the impact of mishandling patients personal information; eCare will provide patients with an option to select the healthcare providers they want to share their personal information with. In case of online reports and statistics all patients personal information are kept anonymous. Conclusion The healthcare industry relies on data and information for every aspect of its delivery cycle it is hard to imagine healthcare without information technology to manage the unprecedented amount of information and data flowing in the healthcare industry. Building a national HIT infrastructure with abilities of exchanging electronic health care records will result in tremendous improvements in several aspects of the healthcare industry in the UAE such as the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, quality, and safety of medical care delivery in the healthcare system.

College: Worth It or Not Essay

â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money† by Caroline Bird suggests that a college education is forced upon those who attend. As a student you shouldn’t lack the enthusiasm or motivation or it won’t be what you thought it would be. Bird states that those who think that going to college is a way to prepare for your future job are wrong, for there are students who are successful because of their family background. Bird makes valid points in her essay, but it isn’t all true to say that college wastes a student’s money and time and showing that going to college can benefit you in the end by giving you a well-paid job and having knowledge of new skills. Throughout high-school, students are taught that college is a great route to take. Bird states, â€Å"This is the way it used to be with women, and just as a society had systematically damaged women by insisting that their proper place was in the home, so we may be systematically damaging 18 yr-olds by insisting that their proper place is in college† (p.9). They even have classes now that prepare you for that next big step, like taking AVID classes. AVID is a college readiness system for elementary through high school. AP classes are also available to students in high school. AP stands for advanced placement classes, which have a curriculum that you get when in college. Many may say that it is not worth taking classes like that, but also some may say that it is beneficial even if you don’t go to college or not. It has become â€Å"The thing to do’ says Bird. Going to college has now become something like a popularity contest, where you attend because everyone else is and your parents think it is right. Parents go along with it, not â€Å"thinking of the â€Å"higher† good at all. They send their children to college because they are convinced young people benefit financially from those four years of higher education† (p. 24). Parents are only thinking of the money that will come from spending money on that education. My parents in are complete opposites of all that. They encouraged me to go college so I can better myself as a person. I will be the first, also, to go to college to get my degree in a profession. Students also feel like ‘they are not needed† so they attend college where they can feel like they may become something. Bird argues and tells us that we should force our students to go into college, and according to a study by Leon, 200 of 300 students felt that college education is a waste of money, so forcing them to go may not even work. (p. 18) Bird isn’t in an agreement that college education will help the students to make money in the future: â€Å"if making money is the only goal, college is the dumbest investment you can make† (p. 24). Bird furthers this testimonial by comparing the money that would be spent on education versus money that is put in a bank for interest. Even when the graduates do succeed in having good jobs, there is no evidence that money comes from the college education as college can attract students who have a wealthy family background (p. 31). There are those who just go college to go, but than can take over a family business or something. Then their wealth comes from that. College can open doors to jobs in the areas of teaching, medicine and research though such opportunities are scarce. Bird says that studies show that very often, the work attached to the jobs is totally unrelated to their college education and this is true for architects, nurses, teachers and other professionals (p. 48). So those who go into a profession that is meant to help others, you don’t take what you learned from college into that profession, you learn throughout your working years. This means that college education does not prepare the student for the job market. Bird is convinced that â€Å"college doesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy or liberal. It’s the other way around. Intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal people are attracted to higher education in the first place† (p. 52). Bird concludes that college education is for students who can afford money and time to read and learn and there must be alternatives provided for youngsters to have a good future. â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money† does give valid points in what Bird was trying to argue. College has become more expensive for a few days of school work that may not even help you in the future and students do have the wrong perception on what college is. But a college education does have its upsides. A college education is a journey that everyone, who has the right attitude about education, should take. College prepares a student for being independent by teaching them learning skills that can be used lifelong. The values you learn, leadership and social skills that you can gain, and the character and attitude of a student is enhanced by going to college.

Reactivity of Metals with Water and Acid Essay

Introduction This report discusses an experiment to study the relationship of the physical and chemical properties of elements in groups and periods to the atomic structure of the elements. The objective of the experiment is to observe what happens when seven metals (magnesium, calcium, iron, lead, copper, aluminum, and zinc) are placed in water and/or hydrochloric acid. The hypothesis is that not all metals will react with the water and/or hydrochloric acid. This report presents the experiment’s procedures, results, analysis and questions. Purpose To observe relationships between the reactivity of elements and their location on the periodic table. Materials Part A: Reactivity of Metals in Water 1. 2. chemical safety goggles 3. 250 mL beaker 4. test tube (18 mm x 150 mm) 5. test-tube rack 6. scoopula 7. spark lighter 8. Bunsen burner clamped to a retort stand 9. test-tube clamp 10. pH paper 11. paper towel 12. small samples of 1. calcium, Ca(s) 2. magnesium, Mg(s) 3. copper, Cu(s) 1. wooden splint Part B: Reactivity of Metals in Hydrochloric Acid 1. 2. chemical safety goggles 3. 20 mL graduated cylinder 4. 4 test tubes (18 mm x 150 mm) 5. test-tube rack 6. scoopula 7. small samples of 1. magnesium, Mg(s) 2. iron, Fe(s) 3. zinc, Zn(s) 4. aluminum, AI(s) 1. dilute hydrochloric acid (0.5 mol/L) 2. spark lighter 3. Bunsen burner clamped to a retort stand 4. paper towel 5. wooden splint 6. masking tape or test-tube stopper Procedure Part A: Reactivity of Metals in Water The materials were selected and brought to the station. Safety protocol was followed and safety glasses were worn throughout the experiment. The appropriate data tables were drawn in which to record the data observations. The beaker was filled with approximately 250 mL of tap water. The water was tested with pH paper and the results were recorded. On a folded piece of paper towel, the professor placed a small piece of calcium (Ca). Observations of physical properties were recorded. A test tube filled with tap water was placed, mouth down, into the beaker (figure 1) and the calcium was placed in the beaker(amendment: the original procedure asked to select a metal that produced a gas to collect the gas after first attempting the procedure. To avoid wasting time, the gas [if there was] was collected on the first and only attempt). The reaction was observed and recorded. After the reaction was complete, the water was tested with pH paper. This procedure was repeated using samples of magnesium and copper. All results were recorded. The test tube was extracted from the beaker and without flipping it, was placed mouth down in the test tube rack. Using a spark lighter, the Bunsen burner was lit and a wooden splint was lit from the flame. The burner was turned off. Using a test tube clamp, the test tube was lifted and with it’s opening at the bottom; the burning splint was inserted into the mouth. Observations were recorded. The splint was extinguished with water from the tap and all waste was disposed of. Part B: Reactivity of Metals in Hydrochloric Acid The materials were selected and brought to the station. Safety protocol was followed and safety glasses were worn throughout the experiment. The appropriate data tables were drawn in which to record the data observations. A graduated cylinder was filled with approximately 20.0 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid. 5.0 mL were poured into four clean test tubes, which were then placed on the test tube rack. On a folded piece of paper towel, the professor placed small quantities of magnesium, iron, zinc, and aluminum. The physical properties of each of the metals were recorded. One at a time, each of the metals was carefully dropped into a different test tube of hydrochloric acid. Reactions were observed for a 20 minute period (amendment: because of the lack of time, reactions were only observed for five minutes) and observations were recorded. Masking tape was used to lightly cover the test tube in order to collect gas from the elements that bubbled in the acid. After the reactions were complete, a wooden splint was lit using a Bunsen burner and the masking tape was removed. The glowing splint was held just inside the mouth of the test tube. Observations were recorded and the waste was disposed of. Observations Part A: Reactivity of Metals in Water Element Calcium Magnesium Copper Physical properties Solid, silver, metallic, soft Long, thin, solid, smooth, malleable, silver, shiny Thin, solid, malleable, bronze in colour, shiny Reaction Upon putting the calcium in water, it bubbled and released gas. The water in the test tube was displaced when it was held above the calcium while it was reacting pH before reaction: 7 pH after reaction: 8/9 There was no reaction when the magnesium was placed in the water, therefore no gas. There was no reaction when the copper was placed in the water, therefore no gas. Part B: Reactivity of Metals in Hydrochloric Acid Element Zinc Iron Aluminum Magnesium Physical properties Solid, shiny, silver in colour Rusty, small individual solid flakes, dull Powder, grey/silver Long, thin, solid, smooth, malleable, silver, shiny Reaction Slow reaction, but it eventually started to bubble. Very slow reaction. Few bubbles were produced. Though there was no observed reaction from the aluminum and the hydrochloric acid, further research shows that it does react. It releases heat and the water evaporates. Upon putting the magnesium in the hydrochloric acid, it quickly started to bubble and fizz. Throughout the observation, it also releasedlots of heat. Analysis The objective of the experiment was to observe what happens when seven metals are placed in water and/or hydrochloric acid. Calcium, magnesium, and copper were all placed in water and of the three, only the calcium reacted. Zinc, iron, aluminum, and magnesium were placed in the hydrochloric acid. There was a reaction in every test tube, but the magnesium showed the greatest reaction with iron being the least reactive to the acid. Even though the metals may be in the same period, how it reacts to the water or hydrochloric acid depends on the type of metal. Error(s) When the lit splint was held just above the mouth of the test tube with the magnesium, there was no reaction, unlike the high-pitched popping sounds emitted by other groups’ experiments. Perhaps this is because the masking tape was removed from the mouth of the test tube minutes before the wooden splint was lit, giving the collected gas enough time to diffuse. A reason for the zinc and aluminum not reacting with the hydrochloric acid could have involved dirty glassware or the lack of time allowed for observation. Conclusion The purpose of this lab was to explore the patterns in reactivity in the periodic table. Through careful observation and planning during this experiment, the hypothesiswas deemed successful. Not all metals react with water and hydrochloric acid. Questions 1. Rank the elements tested in Part A from least reactive to most reactive. 1. From the elements tested in Part A, calcium reacted the most with water (it produced hydrogen), while both copper and magnesium did not have a reaction. 1. Sort the elements that you tested into groups. State the apparent order of reactivity as one proceeds down a group. Does reactivity increase or decrease? 1. Group 2 (alkaline earth metal): magnesium, calcium Group 8: iron Group 11 (coinage metal?): copper Group 12: zinc Group 13: aluminum For the metals, the reactivity increases as one proceeds down the group. This is because it is easier for electrons to be given farther down the periodic table. 1. Sort the elements that you tested into periods. State the apparent order of reactivity as one proceeds across a period. Does reactivity increase or decrease? 1. Period 3: magnesium, aluminum Period 4: calcium, iron, copper, zinc For the metals, the reactivity decreased as one moves from left to right across periods, because it is easier for electrons to be taken away farther to the left of the periodic table. 1. Is the solution that is produced when a metal reacts with water acidic or basic? 1. The solution that is produced when a metal reacts with water is basic, because the pH increased. 1. Based on your gas test observation in Step 16, what gas is produced? 1. Based on the gas test observation in Step 16, hydrogen gas is produced. This can be determined by the ‘squeaky pop’ sound that is heard when the lit wooden splint is placed at the mouth of the test tube. 1. Rank the elements tested in Part B from least reactive to most reactive. 1. In part B, copper would be the least reactive, because there was little-to-no reaction with it and the hydrochloric acid. Iron is the second least reactive, as its reaction was slow but there were a few observed bubbles. Zinc would be the second most reactive and magnesium the most reactive, with a quick reaction and the plenty of heat that was released. 1. Does the reactivity increase or decrease as one moves across a period of elements? 1. As one moves across the periodic table from left to right, for the metals, the reactivity decreases, this is because the farther to the left, the easier it is for electrons to be given or taken away. But for the non-metals, the reactivity increases(excluding the nobles gases), because the farther right, the higher the electronegativity, resulting in a greater exchange of electron. 1. Based on your gas test results, what is the gas produced in these reactions (Steps 16 and 25)? 1. Based on the gas test results and the similar ‘squeaky pop’ sound the elements emitted, the gas produced from the magnesium and hydrochloric acid reaction and also the calcium and water reaction is hydrogen gas. 1. Does the reactivity increase or decrease as one moves down a group of elements? 1. As one moves down a group of elements on the periodic table, for the metals, the reactivity increases, this is because the farther down, the easier it is for electrons to be given or taken away. But for the non-metals the reactivity decreases as one goes down because the farther up, the higher the electronegativity, resulting in a greater exchange of electron. 1. Evaluate this investigation. Did the design enable you to collect enough evidence to answer the questions? How could it have been improved? Would your suggested improvements raise any safety concerns? 1. The design was decent, but it did provide all the evidence needed to answer all the questions; a few of the questions required further research. I think the investigation could have been improved by writing clearer instructions and being more descriptive to avoid confusion. Also, students should be able to experiment with different metals to help them expand their understanding of the reactivity of metals in water and hydrochloric acid (this may raise a few safety concerns). 1. Predict what might happen if you were to drop a piece of potassium (or lithium) into a beaker of water. 1. Because potassium is an alkaline metal (lithium as well), it is extremely reactive. I predict that dropping it in water would cause it to react quickly and intensely, and produce hydrogen gas. 1. Connect the trends observed in Parts A and B to atomic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity. Write a paragraph to explain the trends. 1. The elements moving from left to right across a period, the atomic radius decreases, as does the ionization energy(the nucleus of the atom gains protons).The atomic radius increases moving down a group, but the ionization energy decreases moving down a group (gains protons and new energy shells of electrons).And opposite to the ionization energy, electron affinities increase from left to right across a period. Electron affinities change little moving down a group, becoming slightly more positive.

War and Heroism in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five Essay

What is war? Is war a place to kill? Or is it a place where something more than just killing happens? War, as defined by the Merriam Webster is â€Å"a state or period of usually open and declared fighting between states or nations.† War, can also be viewed with romantic ideals where heroes and legends are born. Even the most intelligent of us hold some rather naà ¯ve notions of war. Upon reading Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five, intelligent readers have been divested of any romantic notions regarding war they may have harboured. In Slaughterhouse Five the reader is encouraged to show contempt for war and to abandon all hopes of thinking war as a place where deeds of heroism are and bravery are performed. A character in the novel, Roland†¦show more content†¦This one particular situation, coupled with the words â€Å"so it goes† and the death of a very likable character contribute to the reader’s growing loathing of the acts of violence carri ed throughout the war. Even the structure of the book shows Vonnegut’s disgust of war. The bombing of Dresden is also a climatic point in the novel. At this point, over 135,000 civilians are killed on an undefended city as a reminder to the Germans to surrender to the Allied forces. The random killing of over 135,000 civilians just to make sure the enemy surrenders is nearly the same as taking beating an opposing team in a sport 10-0 and scoring one more just to make sure they lose. The bombing is senseless and Dresden had no reason to be bombed, other than the fact that it was a German city. The bombing provokes the reader to be outraged at the tactics that man uses just to make sure his opponent will lose. Even the structure of the book is written in a way that provokes the reader. The book is written rather haphazardly for a reason. 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